Monday, December 29, 2014

MODEL ANSWER: CIVIL SERVICE MAIN EXAM,2014, G.S-3 ?( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) BY VASHISTHA RAY

 Q.4. “ In the villages itself no form of credit organization will be suitable except the cooperative society.”----  All India Rural Credit serve rural clients?
 Discuss this statement in the background of agricultural finances in India. What constraints and challenges do financial institutions supplying agricultural finance face? How can technology be used to better reach and serve rural clients?

Ans: Almost all the committees or working groups constituted to report on rural credit system in India since Royal Commission On Agriculture (1928) have opined that from the point of view of structural appropriateness, there is no alternative to cooperatives for provision of rural credit. The given observation made by All India Rural Credit Survey also reaffirms this opinion. The survey highlights the importance of cooperatives and shortcomings of other financial institutions supplying agricultural finances in India. These institutions are making strident efforts to cope with the credit requirements of the farmers. However, there are certain serious constraints and challenges faced by these institutions. They are as follow:
A.     Inadequate Availability
Availability of credit is inadequate compared with its requirement. Undoubtedly, the value of flow of credit has substantially increased over time. Yet, it continues to be less in relation to demand. There has been an exponential growth in demand for agricultural credit over time. It is partly because the farmers are shifting from non-institutional to institutional sources of credit. It is also because of expansion of commercial agriculture and a substantial rise in prices of modern agricultural inputs.
B.      Dismal Recovery
The recovery of credit has been far from satisfactory. This impedes the process of further lending. Nearly 40-42 per cent of the loans have remained unrecovered during the last 4 years.
C.      Marginalization Of Small Holders
In the matter of availability of credit small holders are often marginalized. This is owing to their low capacity to offer collateral for the loans. Accordingly, even when availability of credit has multiplied over time, those in dire need are often left high and dry.
D.     Unproductive Use
While on the one hand funds are scarce, on the other, unproductive use of credit continues to be a serious menace. The farmers in India are accustomed to make huge expenditure on family functions. This significantly reduces the very purpose of various agencies engaged in agricultural finances.
E.      Red –Tapism
Red- tapism has become a standard practice in official matters. Formalities are so cumbersome in obtaining institutional loans that the farmers are often compelled to divert upon to the non-institutional sources.
F.       Ignorance Of Farmers
Ignorance of farmers and lack of awareness among them has always worked as a serous impediments to serve rural farmers.

Technology can be used to educate and identify poor farmers. Delivery of funds to them can also be made speedy and efficient using technologies such as mobile banking. Farmers should be issued pass books linked to their aadhar- card showing details of their land and fixed assets . This will streamline the procedure for the grants of loans, avoiding much of red-tapism.
                                                    Vashistha Ray.



MODEL ANSWER: CIVIL SERVICE MAIN EXAM, 2014, G.S-3( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) BY VASHISTHA RAY

Q.3. There is also a point of view that Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs) set up under the state acts have not only impeded the development of agriculture but also have been the cause of food inflation in India. Critically examine.

Ans:  The given point of view clearly highlights the failure of APMCs in supervising and monitoring the activities of regulated market and thus in protecting the interests of farmers. 
APMCs have been set up by various states to monitor the activities of regulated market. The committee has representatives of state government, farmers, traders, commission agents and local body. The chairman of the committee is always a farmer. The main objective of this committee is to protect the farmers from the misery of distress sale to middlemen.
                 The committee has been entrusted with the task of providing storage facilities to farmers in regulated market. The committee also ensures that no broker or middlemen operates in regulated market. Only registered traders are allowed to purchase agriculture produce from farmers and that too at pre-announced prices. Weights & measures of traders operating in regulated market are always inspected and farmers are provided training by APMC to conduct business in regulated market.
                 Regulated market structure set up in India by respective state governments since 1951 under their respective APMCs acts has over the years brought discipline in the marketing of agriculture produce and taking care of various problems relating to malfunctioning of agricultural market.
          But over the years, it has been found that APMCs have failed to discharge their responsibilities. Farmers are not adequately informed about prevailing prices, weight & measures are not regularly inspected and training program conducted to increase the efficiency of market is irregular and unsatisfactory. There have been reports of collusion among various members of committee leading to rampant corruption in regulated market. All these along with the inefficiency of APMCs, farmers are denied fair and remunerative prices at the cost of agricultural development.
 The APMC act is also responsible for food inflation as it has created monopolies and distributional inefficiencies by not permitting private players and unregistered traders to set up the wholesale market in areas designated as regulated market by states. The committee also charges heavy mandi  fee from traders as well as farmers of regulated market. This  also becomes the cause of inflation. Since the time fruits and vegetables have been brought under the ambit of regulated market, food inflation has increased further.

 However, under model APMC acts,2003, private players have been allowed to purchase agricultural produce and develop agricultural infrastructure such as cold storage. Farmers are also sponsoring their own market in various states. These developments have brought in competition in agricultural market and thereby increasing the efficiency of APMCs. Vashistha Ray.

Sunday, December 28, 2014

MODEL ANSWER: CIVIL SERVICE MAIN EXAM,G.S. -3(ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) BY VASHISTHA RAY


Q.2.While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability. What are missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come Q.2. While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of from? (UPSC, CIVIL SERVICES MAIN EXAM, 2014, G.S -3 BY VASHISTHA RAY)


Ans: India found a much needed solace with the size of its population when the term ‘demographic dividend’ started gaining currency. Demographic dividend refers to benefits of having large population or labour force. india can certainly be the beneficiary of its demographic size as almost 63% of its population falls in the age group of 15-64 which are considered to be working population and developed and large economies of the world is going to face adequate labour shortage in days to come because of their negative population growth. However, the euphoric discussion of demographic dividend ignores dropping rates of employability in India. This is due to the following factors:
A.     Skill-deficiency
India’s employability is seriously handicapped by skill deficiency. Availability of jobs at domestic and international level requires educated and skilled labour-force. But unfortunately,  India has been a house of churning-out uneducated and unskilled labour-force. This is due to our inappropriate education system and inadequate on-job-training program. We have also failed to preserve and develop our traditional skills in handicrafts, artisans, astronomy and preparation of medicinal compound which could have been the source of employment.

B.      Complex Tax Structure
        The complex tax structure in our country has given birth to frequent disputes between government and investors or companies. This has worked as a disincentive to industrial growth and FDI. The protracted tax dispute between central government and Vodafone sent wrong signal to foreign investors and tarnished the image of India as investors’ friendly country. It was due to only  tax dispute with government that the largest plant of Nokia at Chennai employing thousands of Indian workers had to be shut-down.

C.      Structural Bottlenecks
        Structural bottlenecks in terms of red-tapism , delay in critical policy decisions , poor conditions or non-availability of infrastructure and complex labour laws have significantly discouraged entrepreneurs to initiate business enterprises. This has also reduced our employability.

D.     Low Level Of Competitivenes
  We are also losing outsourced jobs from advanced countries to china and other countries. This is primarily due to lack of suitable policy measures and low level of competitiveness in acquiring such jobs.


India can generate lots of jobs by developing its manufacturing sector which has ample potential to absorb unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labour simultaneously. It can also get the required jobs from small-scale industries which are labour-oriented. Development of export based industries may have key to generation of job opportunities in India. We can also get jobs from FDI and outsourcing by developed countries.  Vashistha Ray

Saturday, December 27, 2014

MODEL ANSWER: CIVIL SERVICES MAIN EXAM, G.S PAPER 3(ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)

Q.1. Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (CIVIL SERVICE(MAIN), 2014,G.S-3, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Vashistha Ray)

ANS: A careful study of India’s pattern of sectoral growth shows that in the four decade period, 1950-1990, agriculture share in GDP or agricultural growth declined by 25%, while industry and services gained equally. The growth of industry has stabilized since 1990, while the growth of services picked up in 1980s and accelerated in 1990s. at current level,  India’s service sector seems to have bypassed industrial sector. Following reasons could be attributed to huge growth of services vis-à-vis industry in the country:

A.      As income of people increases, demand for services such as health, education etc. increases by more proportionate than demand for industrial output. In India also, the rise of middle- class and upper- middle classes caused demand for services to increase significantly. This led to growth of services in India.

B.      Industrial growth is more dependent upon infrastructural development such as road and ports which acted as bottlenecks to growth. The growth of service sector is less impacted by such constraints. The phenomenal  growth of low skilled services activities has occurred due to reduced opportunities of manufacturing sector and the sophisticated and high skilled services have grown due to more intensive in skilled labour, with which India is well endowed.

C.      The growing external demand for miscellaneous services from India has also led to huge growth of service sector.

D.     The advent of IT revolution made it possible to deliver services over long distances at a reasonable cost. Trade in services, thus, increased world wide and outpaced industrial growth.

E.      Indias’s comparative advantage in huge labour force, skill & expertise proved to be more catalyzing factors for growth of service sector than that for industrial sector.

F.       The introduction of new economic reforms, 1991 in industrial, financial and fiscal areas also resulted in significant growth of services in post- reforms period.


In the age of globalization, India can definitely become a developed country without a strong industrial base. This would materialize if we specialize in export based services and enhance our skill and competitiveness in delivering services  through  appropriate policy measures.

Sunday, September 16, 2012

RAAZ 3: A REVIEW



 

She wears all the costumes of modernity but carries a streak of attitude that shoves her back into dark medieval age. To her, do you know the best way to grind a rival into dust? Hard work? No. perseverance? No. staying at it? Don’t be naïve. All that is for losers. The foolproof way to make sure you stay on the top is, cue appropriate ghostly sound effects, kaala jaadu.
               Or at least that’s what the desperate Shanaya( Basu) believes, when new heroine-on-the-block Sanjana(Gupta) starts to get ahead. Nothing that friend and lover and director of her films Aditya(Hashmi) can do is enogh to console her.Shanya wants Sanjana out of her way at any cost. And she finds an answer in black magic.
                      Bhatt is an old hand at horror, going back and forth in time, doing victrian and contemporary, and, on occasion, medieval. Here, he sticks to the here and now,making bollywoo the backdrop: the film industry,going by scores of unpublished, ear-scorching accounts, is the place where anything can happen. So we are quite prepared o believe that Shanaya’s bitterness and envy has caused her to come unhinged, and her passes at the guy who hands her the tools for sanjana’s destruction, lead to a couple of shivery moments in the first half.
    The second half goes just the way so many fils do: down the chute. Or, in the instance of raaz 3, in that ‘in between place which are inhabited by prêt-aatmas. Right there, the little bit of frisson that the film managed to garner vanishes,maybe in that self-same place. Out come all the sadhus and babas with their mantras, and the bhagwan ki murti, and it all boils down to the same old battle against good and evil, borrowing from older horror topes from here and there.
                      Not only are the lines unintentionally hilarious, the characters are too. Especially the supporting cast, which ranges from a psychiatrist; a sorcerer with knowledge of kaalu jaadu whose pupil meets with a nasty ends, a murderous aatma who has the hots for a live woman, and so on. Excuse me while I choke.
           As to the main leads, Bipasha being bad should have led to something. But neither she nor the relative newbie Esha Gupta, who teeters between getting somewhere with saying her lines and flubbing them, are anything but gym-toned clothes-horses. Poor Hashmi pendulums between both, and tries hard to look all serious and buttoned down. But hold, may be he is not so por at all as he gets to smooch not one but two lovelies. And that, dear readers is not a raaz at all.
                                                                         Vashistha Ray.

Tuesday, June 12, 2012

MY PRIMARY TEACHER------A REMINISCENCE


It seemed as if the room had inherited a tawny darkness from the time immemorial and had decorated itself eternal with its immaculate essence. Even the long stretch of corridor leading to that room was always filled with darkness.  An uncanny silence all around would make the place more spooky and mysterious.

The old dilapidated railway-quarters stood under a giant banyan tree. It was really hard to say which of the two----the quarters or the tree---- came up the first. They had the concomitant existence, it seemed, and after accompanying each other for a very long time, they might conk out anytime at a tardigrade blow of wind. The prickly sun could hardly make its way through the dense cover of the tree. The natural phenomenon of day and night had only a limited impact in diluting or adding to the dose of darkness which the occupier of the house Miss Rachna Mam was fond of and had fixed-up for herself.

                    We had no idea why Rachna mam was so fond of darkness, and we never bothered to ask her the reason. It always proved to be a bugbear for all of us who were the sole visitors of mam in her lonely room. We were more frequent in summer than in any other season.

             In summer, we had the morning classes from 8 A.M. and by 12 P.M.,the classes were used to be over. The long quiet afternoon gave us ample time to play as well as finish our homework. Even after taking a nap, we were left with copious amount of time. This used to set us towards our beloved mam’s residence. I hazily remember the serene afternoon when I used to sneak out of my home surreptitiously amid a loud noise of snort clearly heard from my adjoining room.

            I seldom saw Rachna mam lying on her bed. She stretched out herself in a big arm-chair made of some polished wooden cane. She would sit in front of television and appear as torpid as the lonely afternoon itself. The mam had the strange habit of watching television in mute mode. This was perhaps to avoid the jarring noise which this mechanical instrument was capable of making. The mam never welcomed us or resented our arrival. We had the group of six or seven children who loved to drop in there almost regularly.

             On entering her dark room, we would silently sit on the floor in a raw with our back relaxed on a stiff wall behind. The mam would hardly talk to us during those hours. We also followed the rule and used to remain hushed-off. Our meditative silence during those hours was surprisingly in contrast with the behaviour of children of our age. We were barely five or six years old then. Generally, at this age, children are noisy, boisterous and unmanageable. We were also so and, in fact, even more, but mam’s serene composure had a contagious magical effect on all of us. We really used to enjoy the calm atmosphere of her stygian accommodation. We had developed a tacit understanding with Rachna mam who rarely needed to dictate terms to us. we were like some angles who descended there to lessen the encumbrance, anguish and twinge of her loneliness, though she never acknowledged this----- either verbally or through her gesture.

                                    After spending a couple of hours together without speaking anything, mam would suddenly jump off the chair and slip into her kitchen to prepare tea. She would come with tea and mudhi, distribute among us and sat with us on the floor with a cup of tea in her hand. This gave us a sense of belonging and a sense of Rachna mam being our own. While watering mignonette surrounding her balcony in the evening, she would always tell,” beta in paudho me bhi jaan hote hai, ye bhi humari hi tarah hote hai”. Her words sounded more philosophical and less scientific.

Rachna mam was really a sensible lady. She was in her late 30’s. she was tall, plump and voguish. She had a rare dexterity of adorning herself with the most fashionable attire and expensive cosmetics. Togged out in her silk saree with matching earrings, armlet, nail-polish and high-heeled slipper, Rachna mam looked elegant, pretty, luscious and gracious. I vividly remember her going out in sun holding a small colourful floral umbrella with a big-sized sunglass over her face and a strand of lanky hair dangling over her forehead.

    Gossip had it that the mam was so much educated, beautiful and demanding that she never found her match and decided to stay unmarried. People used to say that she hails from a very rich and cultured family but no one ever saw any of her family members paying visit to her. Nor would she ever stationed-out in a vacation. Rachna mam was the talk of that small town. People talked about her family, her way of living, her dresses, her beauty and every possible meaningful or meaningless thing related to her. Mam hardly talked to anyone. Whatever was spoken of her were merely conjectures as people simply loved to talk of her. They were highly imaginative and the mam was mysteriously enigmatic.

               Mam was at her best while conducting her elementary classes. She had been assigned the task of teaching Hindi alphabets to newcomers. She never looked gaunt, pensive and uninterested in the classroom. She always sounded vibrant, energetic and enthusiastic. She would attend every pupil of the classroom and never sat on the hard wooden chair meant for her.

                                 We recited Hindi alphabets almost everyday in the classroom even without caring how they appeared in written form. She would say a….and the whole class would resound with a, she would say aa, I , ee, u ,oo  and the whole class would resonate with these magical sounds of alphabets. This used to reinvigorate her.

                   Rachna mam had a very impersonal style of teaching. Although she paid individual attention to every pupil, she would give her gentle touch to none. She never coaxed or cajoled us or gave any false hopes to win over. I hardly remember her loosing her equanimity and issuing any threat to any of us. we were completely in her control. She had a telling gesticulation which she used to teach the novice how to hold a pencil and scribble it meaningfully on their rectangular slate.

        After imbibing alphabets and barah khadi( ka kaa ki kee ku koo,etc.) when we started giving them the established shape, it became more than easier. Mam believed and said that before forming any letter if the name of the letter was rehearsed loudly and continuously, a mental shape of that letter originated in our mind which helped us to recreate it easily on our slate. We remained ignorant of her psychological approach to teaching us but she could successfully replicate the theory into practice.

                               On a winter morning when the feeble rays of the sun were trying slowly to break into the heavy cloud of mist, people began to swarm towards mam’s residence. A large number of people had thronged there. News was that Miss Rachna Tripathy(sorry mam to call u by your name), the primary teacher of M.T.P. Railway school, Birmitrapur (Orissa) had hanged herself to death with her ceiling fan…………….

                                      I was eight years old then and was studying in class three. I had never stopped visiting her during those three years. I was prevented visiting her that morning when she breathed her last. I was told wahan itne log hai, aaj tumhara kaam nahi hai. I scantly  knew the true meaning of death. I just wanted to see my beloved mam when everybody else had gathered there to see her……….

                      Rumours went ripe that miss Tripathy ended her life for love. People were saying that she had been in love with a man who betrayed her and married another woman almost five years back. When she could not tolerate the pain which have accumulated over the years, she ended her life. Police came and searched her room for any suicide-note if she left. They found none except her personal diary in which she had written many poems.

                              Miss Rachna mam had vanished in a bizarre darkness which we call death but her story still circulates around my small town. Just a few days after her untimely demise, the banyan tree fell off the ground crushing the quarters in which our mam resided.

                     We are truly grateful to Rachna mam who made us across the meaning and importance of silence in life. she not only taught us how to write and decipher the alphabets, but also the intellectual, philosophical and emotional connotation of each letters of the alphabets on which the entire edifice of life rests.

                           Thank you mam for being there when we needed you the most.

                                          May your innocent soul rests in peace!

                                                 with a tearful eyes and a heavy heart

                                                              Vashistha Ray.

Monday, June 4, 2012

MERI DUNIYA-----AN INITIATIVE.

मेरी दुनिया 
यह एक शुरुआत है. यह एक कोशिश है; उन बच्चो को पढ़ाने की, शिक्षित बनाने की जो स्कूली शिक्षा से वंचित है. आर्थिक रूप से दबे-कुचले इन बच्चो को स्कुलो की चौखट तक पहुंचाने की जो आज अपने दिनों की शुरुआत किताबो के साथ नहीं बल्कि ऐसे कामो से करते है जो क़ानूनी रूप से उनके लिए प्रतिबंधित है. वे ऐसा मात्र अपने और अपने परिवारों के दैनिक जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए करते है.
नई दुनिया की शुरुआत एक ऐसी झुग्गी बस्ती से होती है जहाँ ज्यादातर बिहार एवं उत्तर-प्रदेश पलायन किये हुए गरीब मजदुर अपने परिवार के साथ रहते है. इनका मुख्य पेशा कबाड़ी चुनना एवं उन्हें बेचना है और इस काम में उनका साथ उनके बच्चे देते है जिनकी उम्र ४ साल से लेकर १० साल तक है. बात करने पर इन बच्चो ने बताया की वे सुबह नौ बजे कुछ खाकर घर से निकल जाते है और जगह-जगह से कबाड़ी एकत्र करते है. दोपहर का भोजन उन्हें खुद ही इंतजाम करना होता है . शाम को लौट कर ये बच्चे अपने बस्ती में खेलते है एवं कुछ समय के बाद रात का भोजन कर सो जाते है .
गरीबी एवं अभाव में पलने वाले गन्दी बस्ती के इन बच्चो ने काफी उत्साह दिखाया जब मैंने इन बच्चो के बीच पाठ्य-सामग्री का वितरण किया. इन बच्चो की तार्किक एवं बौद्धिक क्षमता अन्य सभी बच्चो की तरह ही सुदृढ़ एवं विकसित दिखा, फर्क सिर्फ इतना है की ये बच्चे अभाव में जीते है और स्कूल की जगह काम पे जाते है .
मेरी कोशिश है इनको सभ्य नागरिक बनाने की. इसके लिए मैंने अपना कदम आगे बढाया है और इन बच्चो को शाम के समय इनके बस्ती में प्रारंभिक शिक्षा के लिए पाठशाला का आयोजन किया है. यदि आपको मेरा प्रयास सही लगा तो आप भी अपना योगदान दे सकते है मेरी दुनिया से जुड़कर. आपके द्वारा किया गया प्रयास इन बच्चो के भविष्य को उज्जवल बना सकता है .

Vashistha Ray
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